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How Is Money Measured? But exactly how much money is out there, and what forms does it take? Economists and investors ask this question to determine whether there is inflation or deflation. Money is separated into three categories so that it is more discernible for measurement purposes: M1  – This category of money includes all physical denominations of coins and currency; demand deposits, which are checking accounts and NOW accounts; and travelers' checks. This category of money is the narrowest of the three, and is essentially the money used to buy things and make payments (see the "active money" section below). M2  – With broader criteria, this category adds all the money found in M1 to all time-related deposits, savings accounts deposits, and non-institutional money market funds. This category represents money that can be readily transferred into cash. M3  – The broadest class of money, M3 combines all money found in the M2 definition and adds to it all large time dep
Impressions Create Everything. The second type of money is  fiat money , which does not require backing by a physical commodity. Instead, the value of fiat currencies is set by supply and demand and people's faith in its worth. Fiat money developed because gold was a scarce resource, and rapidly growing economies growing couldn't always mine enough to back their currency supply requirements. 3 For a booming economy, the need for gold to give money value is extremely inefficient, especially when its value is really created by people's perceptions. Fiat money becomes the token of people's perception of worth, the basis for why money is created. An economy that is growing is apparently succeeding in producing other things that are valuable to itself and other economies. The stronger the economy, the stronger its money will be perceived (and sought after) and vice versa. However, people's perceptions must be supported by an economy that can produce the products and ser
  Money as a Medium of Exchange: Before the development of a medium of exchange  that is, money—people would barter to obtain the goods and services they needed. Two individuals, each possessing some goods the other wanted, would enter into an agreement to trade. Early forms of bartering, however, do not provide the transferability and divisibility that makes trading efficient. For instance, if someone has cows but needs bananas, they must find someone who not only has bananas but also the desire for meat. What if that individual finds someone who has the need for meat but no bananas and can only offer potatoes? To get meat, that person must find someone who has bananas and wants potatoes, and so on. The lack of transferability of bartering for goods is tiring, confusing, and inefficient. But that is not where the problems end; even if the person finds someone with whom to trade meat for bananas, they may not consider a bunch of bananas to be worth a whole cow. Such a trade requires co
History of Money: The invention of money took place before the beginning of written history. Consequently, any story of how money first developed is mostly based on conjecture and logical inference. The significant evidence establishes many things were bartered in ancient markets that could be described as a  medium of exchange . These included livestock and grain–things directly useful in themselves – but also merely attractive items such as  cowrie shells  or  beads  were exchanged for more useful  commodities . However, such exchanges would be better described as  barter , and the common bartering of a particular commodity (especially when the commodity items are not fungible) does not technically make that commodity " money " or a " commodity money " like the  shekel  – which was both a coin representing a specific weight of  barley , and the weight of that sack of barley.   Due to the complexities of ancient history (ancient civilizations developing at differe
Continuation of What Finance is ALL About.    The first comprehensive treatise on book-keeping and accountancy, Luca Pacioli's  Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita, was published in Venice in 1494. A book on accountancy and arithmetic written by William Colson appeared in 1612, containing the earliest tables of compound interest written in English. A year later, Richard Witt published his Arithmeticall Questions in London in 1613, and compound interest was thoroughly accepted. Towards the end of the 17th century, in England and the Netherlands, interest calculations were combined with age-dependent survival rates to create the first life annuities. Public Finance: A country federal government helps prevent market failure by overseeing the allocation of resources, distribution of income, and stabilization of the economy. Regular funding for these programs is secured mostly through taxation. Borrowing from banks, insurance companies, and other governments
 What Is Finance? Finance is a term for matters regarding the management, creation, and study of money and investments. Finance can be broadly divided into three categories: Public finance Corporate finance Personal finance There are many other specific categories, such as behavioral finance, which seeks to identify the cognitive (e.g., emotional, social, and psychological) reasons behind financial decisions. KEY TAKEAWAYS  Finance is a term broadly describing the study and system of money, investments, and other financial instruments. Finance can be divided broadly into three distinct categories: public finance, corporate finance, and personal finance. More recent subcategories of finance include social finance and behavioral finance. The history of finance and financial activities dates back to the dawn of civilization. Banks and interest-bearing loans existed as early as 3000 BC. Coins were being circulated as early as 1000 BC. While it has roots in scientific fields, such as statis
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